S. Khatiwala, F. Primeau, T. Hall, Nature 462, Reconstruction of the history of anthropogenic CO2 concentrations in the ocean

Nature, 462, 346-349 (19 November 2009); doi: 10.1038/nature08526; received 14 May 2009; accepted 15 September 2009.

Reconstruction of the history of anthropogenic CO₂ concentrations in the ocean

S. Khatiwala* (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, U.S.A.), F. Primeau (Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, U.S.A.) and T. Hall (NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, U.S.A.)

Abstract

The release of fossil fuel CO₂ to the atmosphere by human activity has been implicated as the predominant cause of recent global climate change¹. The ocean plays a crucial role in mitigating the effects of this perturbation to the climate system, sequestering 20-35% of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions^{2, 3, 4}. Although much progress has been made in recent years in understanding and quantifying this sink, considerable uncertainties remain as to the distribution of anthropogenic CO₂ in the ocean, its rate of uptake over the industrial era, and the relative roles of the ocean and terrestrial biosphere in anthropogenic CO₂ sequestration. Here we address these questions by presenting an observationally based reconstruction of the spatially resolved, time-dependent history of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean over the industrial era. Our approach is based on the recognition that the transport of tracers in the ocean can be described by a Green's function, which we estimate from tracer data using a maximum entropy deconvolution technique. Our results indicate that ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO₂ has increased sharply since the 1950s, with a small decline in the rate of increase in the last few decades. We estimate the inventory and uptake rate of anthropogenic CO₂ in 2008 at 140  25 Pg C and 2.3  0.6 Pg C yr^-1, respectively. We find that the Southern Ocean is the primary conduit by which this CO₂ enters the ocean (contributing over 40% of the anthropogenic CO₂ inventory in the ocean in 2008). Our results also suggest that the terrestrial biosphere was a source of CO₂ until the 1940s, subsequently turning into a sink. Taken over the entire industrial period, and accounting for uncertainties, we estimate that the terrestrial biosphere has been anywhere from neutral to a net source of CO₂, contributing up to half as much CO₂ as has been taken up by the ocean over the same period.

*Correspondence e-mail:  spk@ldeo.columbia.edu

Link to abstract:  http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v462/n7271/full/nature08526.html