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Friday, June 2, 2017

Phys.org: Massive craters formed by methane blow-outs from the Arctic sea floor in Barents Sea

Massive craters formed by methane blow-outs from the Arctic sea floor
The massive craters were formed around 12,000 years ago, but are still seeping methane and other gases. Credit: Andreia Plaza Faverola/CAGE

from Phys.org, June 1, 2017

A new study in Science shows that hundreds of massive, kilometer-wide craters on the ocean floor in the Arctic were formed by substantial methane expulsions.
Even though the craters were formed some 12,000 years ago,  is still leaking profusely from the craters. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, and of major concern in our warming climate.
"The  area was covered by a thick  during the last ice age, much as West Antarctica is today. As climate warmed, and the ice sheet collapsed, enormous amounts of methane were abruptly released. This created massive craters that are still actively seeping methane," says Karin Andreassen, first author of the study and professor at CAGE Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate.
Today more than 600 gas flares are identified in and around these craters, releasing the greenhouse gas steadily into the water column.
"But that is nothing compared to the blow-outs of the  that followed the deglaciation. The amounts of methane that were released must have been quite impressive."
Siberian craters small in comparison
A few of these craters were first observed in the 90s. But new technology shows that the craters cover a much larger area than previously thought and provides more detailed imaging for interpretation
"We have focused on craters that are 300 meters to 1 kilometre wide, and have mapped approximately 100 craters of this size in the area. But there are also many hundred smaller ones, less than 300 meters wide that is," says Andreassen.
Massive craters formed by methane blow-outs from the Arctic sea floor
Several hundred of craters in the area. Over one hundred of them are up to one kilometer wide. Credit: K. Andreassen/CAGE
In comparison, the huge blow-out craters on land on the Siberian peninsulas Yamal and Gydan are 50-90 meters wide, but similar processes may have been involved in their formation.
The Arctic  hosts vast amounts of methane trapped as hydrates, which are ice-like, solid mixtures of gas and water. These hydrates are stable under high pressure and cold temperatures. The ice sheet provides perfect conditions for subglacial gas hydrate formation, in the past as well as today.
Unbearable pressure builds up
Some 2,000 metres of ice loaded what now is ocean floor with heavy weight. Under the ice,  from deeper hydrocarbon reservoirs moved upward, but could not escape. It was stored as  in the sediment, constantly fed by gas from below, creating over-pressured conditions.
Massive craters formed by methane blow-outs from the Arctic sea floor
The study area is in Bjørnøyrenna close to the Arctic archipelago Svalbard. Credit: K. Andreassen/CAGE
"As the ice  rapidly retreated, the hydrates concentrated in mounds, and eventually started to melt, expand, and cause over-pressure. The principle is the same as in a pressure cooker: if you do not control the release of the pressure, it will continue to build up until there is a disaster in your kitchen. These mounds were over-pressured for thousands of years, and then the lid came off. They just collapsed, releasing methane into the water column," says Andreassen.
Similar processes are ongoing under ice sheets today
Major methane venting events such as this appear to be rare, and therefore may easily be overlooked.
"Despite their infrequency, the impact of such blow-outs may still be greater than impact from slow and gradual seepage. It remains to be seen whether such abrupt and massive methane release could have reached the atmosphere. We do estimate that an area of hydrocarbon reserves twice the size of Russia was directly influenced by ice sheets during past glaciation. This means that a much larger area may have had similar abrupt gas releases in the overlapping time period," says Andreassen.
 
Gas hydrate is a solid, ice-like mixture of water and gas, often methane. Also known as ice that burns, the hydrate concentrates energy of natural gas, and when set on fire, can burn for a long time. Credit: CAGE. 
Another fact to consider is that there are reserves of hydrocarbons beneath the load of West Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets today.
"Our study provides the scientific community with a good past analogue for what may happen to future methane releases in front of contemporary, retreating ice sheets," concludes Andreassen.
K. Andreassen et al., "Massive blow-out craters formed by hydrate-controlled methane expulsion from the Arctic seafloor," Science (2017); science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aal4500 

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