A new mechanism to consider when measuring climate impacts on economies
by Solomon Hsiang, Fight Entropy blog, August 28, 2010
My paper Temperatures and tropical cyclones strongly associated with economic production in the Caribbean and Central America was recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Because the paper is a little technical, here is a presentation of the results that everyone should be able to understand.
Central finding:
Economic output across a range of industries previous thought of as "not vulnerable to climate change" respond strongly to changes in temperature. The data suggest that the response is driven by the direct human response to high temperatures: people generally are less productive and tire faster when it's hot. This impact, which appears to be quite large, has not been factored into any previous estimates for the global cost of climate change.
Background
Governments and organizations around the world are trying to figure out how much money we should spend to avoid climate change. The answer isn't obvious. On the one hand, climate change seems ominous and we'd like to spend lots of money to avoid it. But on the other hand, if we spend money on avoiding climate change, we can't spend it on other important things. For example, imagine that the United Nations has a million dollars it can spend. Should it spend it on building solar panels or building schools? Both are clearly important. But if we want to get the most "bang for our buck," we need to figure out what the benefits of these two types of investments are.
A whole research industry has sprung up around the cost-benefit analysis of preventing climate change. How much money should be spent to prevent climate change by investing in more expensive low-carbon technologies? Who should pay for it and when should they pay for it? A tremendous amount of intellectual machinery has been applied to this problem by many extremely smart people. The basic approach is to build models of the world economy-climate system and try to see what happens to the climate and the economy under different global policies. These models are used by governments around the world to determine what they think the best climate policies are and how much they should spend on the problem.
However, there is something of a dark secret to this approach: we don't really know what will happen to us if the climate changes. We have a fairly good grasp of how much it might cost to implement different energy policies. And we've learned a lot about how different energy policies will translate into global climate changes. But when it comes to figuring out how those climate changes translate into costs to society (both financial and non-monetary), we end up having to do a lot of guesswork.
It's unfair to say we know nothing about the costs of climate change, but what we understand well is limited to certain types of impacts. For example, we have been doing extensive research on the possible agricultural impacts for years. We've also done studies for a lot of the health impacts. But most research stops there. For example, we only are beginning to learn about the effect of climate on people's recreation and perceived happiness. We're also only beginning to learn about the effect of climate on violence and crime. We know a lot (but not nearly everything) about the effect of climate on ecosystems, but we don't really understand how ecosystems affect us, so we still can't estimate this impact on society. The list goes on.
Now we know a lot about climate impacts on health and agriculture because people have studied those impacts a lot. Why did we study those kinds of impacts so much? I'm not sure. Maybe because the importance of climate on health and agriculture is obvious (e.g., my plants on the windowsill died after just two days of this summer's heat wave).
The fact that we only really understand agricultural and health impacts of climate change is very important in the cost benefit analyses I mentioned earlier. When governments are trying to figure out the best policies, they add up the known costs of preventing climate change and they add up the known benefits of preventing climate change. If the costs costs outweigh the benefits, then that suggests we shouldn't spend much money to stop climate change. But there is a natural asymmetry in this comparison between costs and benefits: we know all (or most of) the costs but only know the health and agricultural benefits. So when we add up the costs of energy policies, the numbers tend to look very big. But when we add up the known benefits of those policies, we add up the health benefit and the agricultural benefits, but we have to stop there because we don't know what else will be affected by climate change. Maybe it shouldn't be surprising that many cost-benefit analyses find that climate change is not worth spending a lot of money on.
But what we know about climate impacts in non-health and non-agricultural sectors is slowly improving. In a 2009 working paper, Dell, Jones and Olken did something very simple and got very surprising results. They compared the economic output of countries over time with year-to-year changes in the weather of those countries. They found that in poor countries, small increases in the annual average temperature of a country lead to large drops in economic output of that country. The approach sounds simple, right? It is. But the results are startling because they found such a large effect of temperature. They estimate that a 1 °C increase in average temperatures decreases a poor country's gross domestic product (GDP) by 1.1% in the same year. To get a sense of how big this effect is, recall that the economy of the Unites States shrank by 2.4% in 2009 and people are upset about the state of the economy.
Because the effect found by Dell et al. is so large, many people have been skeptical that it represents something real (note from my own unpublished work: I can corroborate their results using different data sets from the ones they used). To check these results further, in 2010, Jones and Olken tried to looking for a similar effect in the exports of these countries and found that they also responded strongly to temperature changes. Do people believe the general result yet? I'm not sure. But part the skepticism seems to persist because its hard to know why poor countries should be so strongly affected by temperature. One reason for this is that it's very hard to know what mechanisms are at work when one is only looking at macro-economic data. Further, thinking of ways in which temperature affects economics this strongly and systematically across countries seems to be hitting the limits of many economists' imaginations. This is where my study comes in.
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Following countries over time, years with higher than normal temperatures during the hottest season (Sep-Oct-Nov) exhibit large reductions in output across several non-agricultural industries. |
Economic output across a range of industries previous thought of as "not vulnerable to climate change" respond strongly to changes in temperature. The data suggest that the response is driven by the direct human response to high temperatures: people generally are less productive and tire faster when it's hot. This impact, which appears to be quite large, has not been factored into any previous estimates for the global cost of climate change.
Background
Governments and organizations around the world are trying to figure out how much money we should spend to avoid climate change. The answer isn't obvious. On the one hand, climate change seems ominous and we'd like to spend lots of money to avoid it. But on the other hand, if we spend money on avoiding climate change, we can't spend it on other important things. For example, imagine that the United Nations has a million dollars it can spend. Should it spend it on building solar panels or building schools? Both are clearly important. But if we want to get the most "bang for our buck," we need to figure out what the benefits of these two types of investments are.
A whole research industry has sprung up around the cost-benefit analysis of preventing climate change. How much money should be spent to prevent climate change by investing in more expensive low-carbon technologies? Who should pay for it and when should they pay for it? A tremendous amount of intellectual machinery has been applied to this problem by many extremely smart people. The basic approach is to build models of the world economy-climate system and try to see what happens to the climate and the economy under different global policies. These models are used by governments around the world to determine what they think the best climate policies are and how much they should spend on the problem.
However, there is something of a dark secret to this approach: we don't really know what will happen to us if the climate changes. We have a fairly good grasp of how much it might cost to implement different energy policies. And we've learned a lot about how different energy policies will translate into global climate changes. But when it comes to figuring out how those climate changes translate into costs to society (both financial and non-monetary), we end up having to do a lot of guesswork.
It's unfair to say we know nothing about the costs of climate change, but what we understand well is limited to certain types of impacts. For example, we have been doing extensive research on the possible agricultural impacts for years. We've also done studies for a lot of the health impacts. But most research stops there. For example, we only are beginning to learn about the effect of climate on people's recreation and perceived happiness. We're also only beginning to learn about the effect of climate on violence and crime. We know a lot (but not nearly everything) about the effect of climate on ecosystems, but we don't really understand how ecosystems affect us, so we still can't estimate this impact on society. The list goes on.
Now we know a lot about climate impacts on health and agriculture because people have studied those impacts a lot. Why did we study those kinds of impacts so much? I'm not sure. Maybe because the importance of climate on health and agriculture is obvious (e.g., my plants on the windowsill died after just two days of this summer's heat wave).
The fact that we only really understand agricultural and health impacts of climate change is very important in the cost benefit analyses I mentioned earlier. When governments are trying to figure out the best policies, they add up the known costs of preventing climate change and they add up the known benefits of preventing climate change. If the costs costs outweigh the benefits, then that suggests we shouldn't spend much money to stop climate change. But there is a natural asymmetry in this comparison between costs and benefits: we know all (or most of) the costs but only know the health and agricultural benefits. So when we add up the costs of energy policies, the numbers tend to look very big. But when we add up the known benefits of those policies, we add up the health benefit and the agricultural benefits, but we have to stop there because we don't know what else will be affected by climate change. Maybe it shouldn't be surprising that many cost-benefit analyses find that climate change is not worth spending a lot of money on.
But what we know about climate impacts in non-health and non-agricultural sectors is slowly improving. In a 2009 working paper, Dell, Jones and Olken did something very simple and got very surprising results. They compared the economic output of countries over time with year-to-year changes in the weather of those countries. They found that in poor countries, small increases in the annual average temperature of a country lead to large drops in economic output of that country. The approach sounds simple, right? It is. But the results are startling because they found such a large effect of temperature. They estimate that a 1 °C increase in average temperatures decreases a poor country's gross domestic product (GDP) by 1.1% in the same year. To get a sense of how big this effect is, recall that the economy of the Unites States shrank by 2.4% in 2009 and people are upset about the state of the economy.
Because the effect found by Dell et al. is so large, many people have been skeptical that it represents something real (note from my own unpublished work: I can corroborate their results using different data sets from the ones they used). To check these results further, in 2010, Jones and Olken tried to looking for a similar effect in the exports of these countries and found that they also responded strongly to temperature changes. Do people believe the general result yet? I'm not sure. But part the skepticism seems to persist because its hard to know why poor countries should be so strongly affected by temperature. One reason for this is that it's very hard to know what mechanisms are at work when one is only looking at macro-economic data. Further, thinking of ways in which temperature affects economics this strongly and systematically across countries seems to be hitting the limits of many economists' imaginations. This is where my study comes in.
Dear Readers,
There is much more, well worth reading, on this subject at this link: http://www.fight-entropy.com/2010/08/new-mechanism-to-consider-when.html
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