Greens living in ivory towers now want to farm them too
The idea that you can feed Manhattan with crops grown in a skyscraper is the craziest of my allies' many miracle solution
by George Monbiot, the Guardian, August 16, 2010No one is immune to it; in some respects it is the foundation of our lives. Magical thinking is a universal affliction. We see what we want to see, deny what we don't. Confronted by uncomfortable facts, we burrow back into the darkness of our cherished beliefs. We will do almost anything – cheat, lie, stand for high office, go to war – to shut out challenges to the way we see the world.
I spend much of my time confronting one aspect of denial: the virulent repudiation of environmental constraints by those who admit no challenge to their vision of the world. But it pains me to report that I find myself at odds with other greens almost as often as I find myself fighting our common enemies. I've had bruising battles over a long series of miracle solutions supported by friends: liquid biofuels, hydrogen cars and planes, biochar plantations, solar electricity in the UK, scrappage payments, feed-in tariffs. But no green delusion is as crazy as the one I am about to explain. The idea itself might not interest you. But the insight it gives into the filtering techniques humans use is fascinating. So please bear with me while I spell out the latest madness.
That there's a problem is undeniable. As some of the papers published yesterday by the Royal Society show, farmland is in short supply, water shortages could impose ever tighter constraints on agriculture and there are grave questions about whether a growing population can continue to be fed. There are a number of plausible solutions. But none of them appeals to some environmentalists as much as the towering lunacy promoted by a parasitologist at Columbia University called Dickson Despommier.
Despommier points out that while horizontal space for growing crops is limited, vertical space remains abundant. So he proposes that crops should be grown in skyscrapers, which he calls vertical farms. These, he claims, will feed the growing population so efficiently that ordinary farmland will be allowed to revert to forest. Vertical farms will feed the urban populations that surround them, eliminating the need for long-distance transport.
You can, if you shield your eyes very carefully, see the attraction. But even a brief reading of Despommier's essays reveals a few trifling problems. He proposes 30-storey towers to feed people in places like Manhattan. You wouldn't see any change from $100m, possibly $200m. The only crop that could cover such costs is high-grade cannabis. But a 30-storey hydroponic skunk tower would be hard to conceal.
Without any explanation, Despommier asserts that his system will need "no herbicides, pesticides, or fertilisers," Perhaps he has never seen a fungal infestation in a greenhouse. And does he expect the plants to grow on water and air alone? He also insists that there will be "no need for fossil-fuelled machinery," which suggests that he intends to farm a 30-storey building without pumps, heating or cooling systems.
His idea, he says, is an antidote to "intensive industrial farming, carried out by an ever decreasing number of highly mechanised farming consortia". But then he calls on Cargill, Monsanto, Archer Daniels Midland and IBM to fund it. He suggests "locally grown would become the norm," but fails to explain why such businesses wouldn't seek the most lucrative markets, regardless of locality. He expects, in other words, all usual rules of business, economics, physics, chemistry and biology to be suspended to make way for his idea.
But the real issue is scarcely mentioned in his essays on the subject: light. Last week one of my readers, the film-maker John Russell, sent me his calculations for the artificial lighting Despommier's towers would require. (You can read them in full on my website.) They show that the light required to grow the 500 grammes of wheat that a loaf of bread contains would cost, at current prices, £9.82. (The current farm-gate price for half a kilo of wheat is 6p.) That's just lighting: no inputs, interest, rates, rents or labour. Somehow this minor consideration – that plants need light to grow and that they aren't going to get it except on the top storey – has been overlooked by the scheme's supporters. I won't bother to explain the environmental impacts.
None of this has dented the popularity of Despommier's dumb idea. It has featured in the New York Times, Time magazine and Scientific American, and on the BBC, CNN, Discovery Channel and NBC. Three weeks ago the Guardian published a supportive piece, whose author appeared to be unaware that nutrients don't magically regenerate themselves in an agricultural system. Environmentalists love it. Treehugger.com claimed that vertical farming would "help us stop the use of pesticides, herbicides, oil-based fertilizers" and suggested, again unhindered by evidence, that it could produce a net output of energy. The Huffington Post said the idea is "so simple, so elegant that you wonder why you didn't think of it yourself."
In my grouchier moments I feel that only those who grow some of their own food should write about food production. Horticulture, with its endlessly varied constraints and disappointments, is an excellent corrective to wishful thinking. But this is about much more than ignorance and inexperience. It's about seeing something you like – local food for example – and allowing that idea to crowd out everything else. This is how we all live.
In a recent essay in New Scientist the psychologist Dorothy Rowe explained that none of us can see reality. We have to construct it from our interpretation of what we perceive, tempered by experience. As a result, each of us exists in our own world of meaning, constantly at risk of being shattered by inconvenient facts. If we acknowledge them, they can destroy our sense of self. So, to ensure that we won't be "overwhelmed by the uncertainty inherent in living in a world we can never truly know," we shut them out by lying to ourselves. Though it challenges my sense of self, I am forced to accept that my allies can lie to themselves as fluently as my opponents can.
A fully referenced version of this article can be found on George Monbiot's website.
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1 comment:
Monbiot needs to come to Detroit and take my permaculture course. While there are issues with any kind of farming, let alone vertical farming, there are also solutions, of which he appears to be exceedingly ignorant.
1. Light: Light tubes, no walls, glass/plastic walls.
2. Water: A building that size, depending on location, could sequester a lot of water as it falls on the roof and exterior. The rest can be pumped in just as it is now.
3. Labor: Have you checked the unemployment rate, George? Welcome to the new normal.
4. Economics. George, look beyond the box you were born in. Steady-state, non-debt-based economies are coming. There is no choice in the matter. Unending growth (as opposed to intellectual/spiritual/emotional/social development) is impossible on a finite world. Judging future economics based on the current neo-classical paradigm is like judging today's economics based on feudal systems.
6. Besides, we can grow plenty of food with or without vertical farms. The issue is one of how and to whom we distribute it, not how much we can grow. However, an aquaponics system in a vertical space would allow for urban localization, i.e. making neighborhoods walkable enclaves albeit with greater connectivity and interaction among parts of the city than among small towns in the countryside.
6. Herbicides, pesticides, etc.? No, you don't need them. We are re-learning and modernizing older ways of doing things.
Weed killer? Mulch. If weeds can't get sun, they can't grow. This is elementary. Also, high quality soil actually discourages weed growth for several reasons. A. Weeds tend to grow where there is imbalance. They are a signal that a given area is preferentially low or high in given nutrients. When your soil is healthy and balanced, it's actually not all that great for many weeds. For those that will grow, mulch. Pull the few that remain.
Fertilizer? That's what the fish provide. Vermiculture can provide what fish don't as well as eliminating all kitchen vegetable and fruit wastes.
All the same basic conceptual points apply to pests. A healthy garden will use a large variety of plants that are selected in combinations, or guilds, that are mutually beneficial or non-competitive. Combining plants that attract beneficial organisms with the plants that need those organisms bring in bugs that eat other bugs or in some other way, such as pollination, benefit the plant, e.g.
Is this possible? Not only is it possible to not use pesticides and fertilizers, it is more productive to do so and produces food that is more nutritious, thus requiring less food per person.
Tell George to come visit my garden.
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