The Measurement Trap: Why Hiding Behind 20-Year Averages Will Turn 1.5°C into a Crime Scene

International courts have declared that passing 1.5°C triggers legal liability—but our insistence on historic averages means we won’t legally recognise the crime until after the damage is irreversible

Tom Harris

Aug 12, 2026 

https://drtomharris.substack.com/p/the-measurement-trap-why-hiding-behind

Tamino's latest on the September 2024 temperature anomaly

https://tamino.wordpress.com/2024/01/09/2-fast-2-furious/

Unofficial Temperature Records on July 9, 2023

This was copied from http://coolwx.com/record/ which is published by a noted climate change denier. Apparently, he does not believe his own data. 

LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:

	Daily Close	Daily Tied	.	Daily Broken	Monthly Tied/Broken	All-time Tied/Broken
HIGH RECORD	##.#	##.#		##.#	##.#	##.#
LOW RECORD	##.#	##.#		##.#	##.#	##.#

Table Units: [ Fahrenheit | Celsius ]

ID	City	Country	Current Temp & Trend (°F)	Unofficial Daily / Monthly / Alltime Record (°F)	Margin of Unofficial Daily Record (°F)	Database Length (years)	ID
EDVE	Braunschweig	Germany	91.4	84.7   100.4   102.2 (1984)  (2022)  (1992)	+6.7	45	EDVE
EDDS	Stuttgart-Echterdingen	Germany	95.0	89.6    98.6   106.0 (2010)  (2019)  (1941)	+5.4	68	EDDS
LSZH	Zurich-Kloten	Switzerland	95.0	90.0    98.6   100.4 (1959)  (1983)  (2003)	+5.0	65	LSZH
LFSX	Luxeuil	France	96.8 ▲	92.5   102.2   102.2 (1984)  (1983)  (1983)	+4.3	49	LFSX
LIRX	Monte Calamita	Italy	91.4	87.8    95.0    99.0 (2015)  (2020)  (2017)	+3.6	41	LIRX
EDTY	Schwaebisch Hall	Germany	93.2	89.6    96.8    98.6 (1984)  (2019)  (2015)	+3.6	46	EDTY
EDNY	Friedrichshafen	Germany	93.2 ▲	89.6    98.6    98.6 (2010)  (2007)  (2003)	+3.6	51	EDNY
EDDM	Munchen	Germany	91.4	87.8    97.5    98.6 (2002)  (1983)  (2003)	+3.6	81	EDDM
EDDC	Dresden-Klotzsche	Germany	91.4	87.8    96.8   100.4 (2010)  (2022)  (2022)	+3.6	45	EDDC
LFSD	Dijon	France	96.8	93.2   103.1   103.1 (2020)  (2019)  (2019)	+3.5	49	LFSD
EDQM	Hof	Germany	89.6 ▲	86.0    95.0    95.4 (2010)  (2022)  (2003)	+3.5	65	EDQM
EDFM	Baden Wurttemberg, Neuostheim	Germany	98.6	95.0   104.0   104.0 (2010)  (2019)  (2019)	+3.5	47	EDFM
LFHP	Le Puy	France	91.4 ▲	88.0    99.3    99.3 (2020)  (2015)  (2015)	+3.4	39	LFHP
DTTZ	Tozeur	Tunisia	118.4	115.0   120.6   127.4 (2008)  (2018)  (1979)	+3.4	50	DTTZ
LIVD	Dobbiaco	Italy	86.0 ▲	83.1    90.3    95.0 (2010)  (1983)  (2021)	+2.9	49	LIVD
ETEB	Ansbach / Katterbach	Germany	90.9	88.7    98.6    98.6 (2010)  (1983)  (1994)	+2.2	63	ETEB
ETIK	Illesheim	Germany	93.6	91.4    99.7   102.2 (2010)  (2015)  (2003)	+2.1	69	ETIK
LIMU	Capo Mele	Italy	91.4	89.6    97.3    98.6 (2013)  (2022)  (2015)	+1.8	57	LIMU
LIMS	Piacenza	Italy	91.4	89.6   102.9   104.7 (2012)  (1983)  (2003)	+1.8	53	LIMS
ETSI	Ingolstadt	Germany	91.4	89.6   102.2   102.2 (2010)  (1983)  (1983)	+1.8	55	ETSI
LSGS	Sion	Switzerland	95.0	93.2   100.4   100.4 (2010)  (2019)  (2019)	+1.8	65	LSGS
LKKV	Karlovy Vary	Czech Republic	87.8	86.0    94.5    96.4 (2010)  (2007)  (2012)	+1.8	42	LKKV
EDHL	Luebeck-Blankensee	Germany	89.6 ▲	87.8   100.4   100.4 (2010)  (2022)  (1992)	+1.8	39	EDHL
EDDN	Nuernberg	Germany	95.0 ▲	93.2   101.5   101.5 (2010)  (1983)  (1983)	+1.8	67	EDDN
EDDF	Frankfurt / M-Flughafen	Germany	96.8 ▼	95.0   104.0   104.0 (1959)  (2019)  (2019)	+1.8	81	EDDF
LKLN	Plzen Line	Czech Republic	91.4	89.8   102.2   102.2 (1995)  (1983)  (1983)	+1.6	55	LKLN
LSGG	Geneve-Cointrin	Switzerland	95.0 ▲	93.4   103.5   103.5 (1984)  (2015)  (2015)	+1.5	65	LSGG
LFLB	Chambery / Aix-Les-Bains	France	95.0	93.6   101.8   102.2 (2010)  (2015)  (2003)	+1.4	49	LFLB
ETHA	Altenstadt	Germany	86.0 ▲	84.7    95.0    95.0 (2010)  (1984)  (1984)	+1.3	50	ETHA
LOXT	Tulln	Austria	91.4 ▼	90.3   101.5   102.2 (2011)  (2019)  (2013)	+1.1	55	LOXT
ETHB	Bueckeburg	Germany	91.4	90.3    99.0   100.6 (2010)  (2022)  (2003)	+1.1	50	ETHB
LIRM	Grazzanise	Italy	95.0 ▼	93.9   103.6   103.6 (2012)  (2015)  (2015)	+1.0	56	LIRM
DTTD	Remada	Tunisia	114.8	113.7   120.2   120.2 (2008)  (1981)  (1981)	+1.0	52	DTTD
CWSA	Sable Island, N. S.	Canada	73.4 ▲	72.5    76.6    86.0 (2013)  (1994)  (2016)	+0.9	53	CWSA
LKTB	Brno / Turany	Czech Republic	89.6 ▼	89.1    97.5   100.0 (1991)  (2013)  (2013)	+0.5	61	LKTB
ETOU	Wiesbaden	Germany	94.8	94.3   101.8   102.0 (1959)  (2019)  (2019)	+0.5	80	ETOU
GOOD	Diourbel	Senegal	102.2	101.8   111.2   122.0 (1991)  (1995)  (1987)	+0.4	49	GOOD
ETSN	Neuburg / Donau	Germany	91.4	91.0   100.4   100.4 (2010)  (1983)  (1983)	+0.4	55	ETSN
ENHD	Haugesund / Karmoy	Norway	73.4 ▲	73.0    88.2    88.2 (2014)  (2019)  (2019)	+0.4	39	ENHD
EDDE	Erfurt-Bindersleben	Germany	93.2 ▲	93.0   100.4   100.4 (1959)  (2022)  (2022)	+0.2	35	EDDE
SBIL	Ilheus Aeroporto	Brazil	84.2	84.2   101.1   105.8 (1990)  (1992)  (1995)	0.0	40	SBIL
LOWS	Salzburg-Flughafen	Austria	89.6	89.6   100.4   100.4 (2002)  (1983)  (1983)	0.0	68	LOWS
LIRE	Pratica Di Mare	Italy	89.6	89.6    95.4   101.5 (2011)  (2005)  (2007)	0.0	54	LIRE
LIPB	Bolzano	Italy	95.0	95.0   102.4   104.0 (2016)  (2022)  (1987)	0.0	56	LIPB
LIMG	Albenga	Italy	91.4	91.4   102.2   102.2 (2015)  (1985)  (1985)	0.0	50	LIMG
LIMC	Milano / Malpensa	Italy	91.4 ▲	91.4   100.4   100.4 (1983)  (2022)  (1981)	0.0	57	LIMC
LFSB	Bale-Mulhouse	France	95.0	95.0   102.2   102.4 (1984)  (1983)  (2003)	0.0	50	LFSB
LFLS	Grenoble / St. Geoirs	France	93.2	93.2   100.9   103.1 (2020)  (1983)  (2003)	0.0	50	LFLS
GOGK	Kolda	Senegal	96.8	96.8   111.6   121.8 (1998)  (2012)  (1999)	0.0	50	GOGK
ETSL	Lechfeld	Germany	87.8	87.8    98.6    98.6 (2010)  (1983)  (1983)	0.0	61	ETSL
ETHN	Niederstetten	Germany	91.4	91.4    97.0    98.6 (2002)  (2022)  (2003)	0.0	50	ETHN
ETHF	Fritzlar	Germany	91.4 ▼	91.4   100.6   100.6 (2010)  (2022)  (2022)	0.0	57	ETHF
EDTL	Lahr, CAN-AFB	Germany	91.4 ▼	91.4   100.4   100.4 (2010)  (2019)  (2003)	0.0	49	EDTL
EDJA	Memmingen Allgau	Germany	87.8	87.8    98.6    98.6 (2010)  (1984)  (1984)	0.0	53	EDJA
EDDV	Hannover	Germany	91.4	91.4   102.2   102.2 (2010)  (2022)  (2022)	0.0	71	EDDV
DAUL	Laghouat	Algeria	107.6	107.6   118.4   118.4 (2021)  (1981)  (1981)	0.0	45	DAUL
LIRN	Napoli / Capodichino	Italy	95.0	95.2   102.2   104.0 (2002)  (1987)  (1981)	-0.2	62	LIRN
LIMH	Pian Rosa	Italy	51.8	52.0    65.8    65.8 (1968)  (1988)  (1988)	-0.2	46	LIMH
LFSO	Nancy / Ochey	France	87.8 ▲	88.0   104.0   104.0 (2010)  (2019)  (2019)	-0.2	50	LFSO
LFSN	Nancy / Essey	France	89.6	89.8   104.2   104.2 (1982)  (2019)  (2019)	-0.2	52	LFSN
GFLL	Lungi	Sierra Leone	86.0	86.2   104.0   105.8 (1989)  (1973)  (1973)	-0.2	45	GFLL
ETIH	Hohenfels	Germany	91.2	91.4   102.2   102.2 (1995)  (1983)  (1983)	-0.2	58	ETIH
LKPR	Praha / Ruzyne	Czech Republic	89.6	90.0    97.3    99.3 (1959)  (1983)  (2012)	-0.4	66	LKPR
ETHL	Laupheim	Germany	87.8 ▼	88.2    98.6    98.6 (2010)  (1983)  (2003)	-0.4	50	ETHL
DAUK	Touggourt	Algeria	116.6	117.0   121.1   121.1 (2012)  (2018)  (2018)	-0.4	51	DAUK
LIME	Bergamo / Orio Al Serio	Italy	89.6	90.1   102.2   102.2 (1995)  (1983)  (1979)	-0.5	54	LIME
GMMZ	Ouarzazate	Morocco	105.8	106.3   109.0   110.5 (2018)  (2017)  (2006)	-0.5	53	GMMZ
ETAR	Ramstein	Germany	92.7 ▼	93.2   101.3   101.7 (1984)  (2019)  (2015)	-0.5	69	ETAR
CYQI	Yarmouth, N. S.	Canada	78.8 ▲	79.3    84.7    86.5 (2010)  (2013)  (1993)	-0.5	51	CYQI
LIMF	Torino / Caselle	Italy	91.4	91.6    98.6    99.1 (2016)  (2022)  (1984)	-0.1	58	LIMF
ETHC	Celle	Germany	93.2 ▲	93.6   102.6   102.6 (2010)  (2022)  (2022)	-0.3	65	ETHC
SBFN	Fernando De Noronha	Brazil	86.0	86.5   102.2   111.9 (1996)  (1973)  (1989)	-0.5	54	SBFN
LIPX	Verona / Villafranca	Italy	93.2 ▲	93.9   100.8   102.2 (2012)  (2013)  (2003)	-0.7	58	LIPX
LFLC	Clermont-Ferrand	France	93.2	93.9   105.3   105.8 (1982)  (1983)  (2019)	-0.7	49	LFLC
UARR	Uralsk	Kazakhstan	100.4 ▼	101.3   106.3   108.1 (1984)  (1984)  (2021)	-0.8	74	UARR
LOWL	Linz / Hoersching-Flughafen	Austria	91.4	92.3    99.3    99.3 (2002)  (1983)  (1983)	-0.8	70	LOWL
SPME	Tumbes	Peru	89.6	90.5   102.4   108.0 (1997)  (1991)  (2020)	-0.9	49	SPME
LFMO	Orange	France	95.0 ▼	95.9   105.3   108.7 (1982)  (1983)  (2003)	-0.9	50	LFMO
KMTH	Marathon, FL	United States	93.0 ▲	93.9    97.0   114.1 (2009)  (2005)  (2020)	-0.9	35	KMTH
GUCY	Conakry / Gbessia	Guinea	87.8	88.7   107.6   107.6 (2002)  (1977)  (1977)	-0.9	47	GUCY
DAOY	El Bayadh	Algeria	98.6	99.5   108.0   108.0 (2012)  (1997)  (1997)	-0.9	50	DAOY
UATT	Aktjubinsk	Kazakhstan	102.2 ▼	103.3   108.0   109.4 (2011)  (1984)  (1975)	-1.0	79	UATT
LFLN	Saint-Yan	France	93.2 ▲	94.3   104.5   104.5 (2010)  (2019)  (2019)	-1.0	50	LFLN
LFLL	Lyon / Satolas	France	93.2 ▼	94.3   102.7   103.8 (2020)  (1983)  (2003)	-1.0	48	LFLL
DTTL	Kelibia	Tunisia	93.2	94.6   104.4   113.9 (2012)  (2017)  (1987)	-1.3	51	DTTL
LIRQ	Firenze / Peretola	Italy	98.6	100.0   107.6   109.9 (2017)  (1983)  (2012)	-1.4	58	LIRQ
LIML	Milano / Linate	Italy	91.4	93.0   100.4   102.7 (1968)  (1975)  (2003)	-1.5	66	LIML
UWUU	Ufa	Russia	91.4 ▼	93.2   102.0   102.0 (2020)  (1952)  (1952)	-1.8	79	UWUU
SBPL	Petrolina	Brazil	87.8	89.6   102.2   114.8 (2013)  (1995)  (1991)	-1.8	48	SBPL
LSZL	Locarno	Switzerland	87.8	89.6   104.5   104.5 (2016)  (1985)  (1985)	-1.8	65	LSZL
LIVR	Passo Rolle	Italy	68.0	69.8    78.8    80.6 (2010)  (1987)  (1983)	-1.8	48	LIVR
LIRU	Roma / Urbe	Italy	95.0	96.8   104.9   106.9 (2019)  (2001)  (2002)	-1.8	50	LIRU
LIRP	Pisa / S. Giusto	Italy	91.4	93.2   102.2   102.2 (2003)  (2005)  (2005)	-1.8	64	LIRP
LIRA	Roma / Ciampino	Italy	93.2	95.0   102.2   105.8 (2019)  (1983)  (1981)	-1.8	62	LIRA
GOTK	Kedougou	Senegal	93.2	95.0   108.3   120.9 (2011)  (1999)  (2015)	-1.8	50	GOTK
GBYD	Banjul / Yundum	Gambia, The	93.2	95.0   116.6   116.6 (2016)  (1980)  (1980)	-1.8	49	GBYD
GAKD	Kayes	Mali	100.4	102.2   110.3   124.7 (2002)  (2012)  (2010)	-1.8	61	GAKD
FOOK	Makokou	Gabon	82.4	84.2    91.4   103.1 (1995)  (1977)  (1992)	-1.8	50	FOOK
ETNW	Wunstorf	Germany	93.2	95.0   103.6   103.6 (2010)  (2022)  (2022)	-1.8	56	ETNW
ETMN	Nordholz	Germany	87.8	89.6    97.3    98.6 (2010)  (2022)  (1992)	-1.8	52	ETMN
ETHS	Fassberg	Germany	91.4	93.2   102.2   102.2 (2010)  (2022)  (2022)	-1.8	58	ETHS
EPWR	Wroclaw Ii	Poland	87.8	89.6    99.3   100.4 (2002)  (2022)  (2015)	-1.8	55	EPWR
DTTG	Gabes	Tunisia	113.0	114.8   116.6   122.0 (1980)  (2021)  (2020)	-1.8	60	DTTG
USCC	Chelyabinsk-Balandino	Russia	89.6 ▼	91.4   100.4   102.0 (2020)  (2012)  (1934)	-1.8	67	USCC
LSZA	Lugano	Switzerland	89.6	91.4    98.8    98.8 (2016)  (1983)  (1983)	-1.8	46	LSZA
LFST	Strasbourg	France	89.6 ▼	91.4   102.2   102.2 (1982)  (2019)  (2015)	-1.8	54	LFST
GCHI	Hierro / Aeropuerto	Spain	80.6	82.4    93.2   104.7 (2022)  (1992)  (2012)	-1.8	50	GCHI
EDMA	Augsburg	Germany	89.6	91.4    98.8    98.8 (2010)  (1983)  (1983)	-1.8	60	EDMA
TJNR	Roosevelt Roads, PR	United States	90.0	91.9   100.4   108.0 (2020)  (2003)  (2015)	-1.9	69	TJNR
TGPY	Point Salines Airport	Grenada	87.8	89.8    91.4   100.6 (2020)  (2002)  (1998)	-2.0	38	TGPY
TFFJ	Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy	Guadeloupe	87.8	89.8    93.2   107.6 (1987)  (1995)  (1981)	-2.0	37	TFFJ
LICD	Lampedusa	Italy	87.8 ▼	89.8    97.5   100.4 (2019)  (1984)  (2021)	-2.0	56	LICD
LFCR	Rodez	France	86.0 ▼	88.0   101.1   102.2 (2010)  (2006)  (2019)	-2.0	36	LFCR
LEGR	Granada / Aeropuerto	Spain	104.0	106.0   113.9   114.8 (2015)  (2017)  (2021)	-2.0	50	LEGR
GGOV	Bissau Aeroport	Guinea-Bissau	91.4 ▼	93.4   104.7   118.4 (2013)  (1985)  (1976)	-2.0	41	GGOV
LOWI	Innsbruck-Flughafen	Austria	89.6	91.8    98.6    99.1 (2010)  (2015)  (2019)	-2.2	67	LOWI
LIVP	Paganella	Italy	66.2	68.4    87.8    87.8 (2010)  (1973)  (1973)	-2.2	47	LIVP
LIPZ	Venezia / Tessera	Italy	86.0	88.2   100.4   100.4 (2012)  (1983)  (1991)	-2.2	58	LIPZ
LFLW	Aurillac	France	84.2	86.4   100.4   100.6 (1983)  (1983)  (2019)	-2.2	43	LFLW
GOSS	Saint-Louis	Senegal	89.6	91.8   113.0   118.4 (1989)  (1982)  (2017)	-2.2	50	GOSS
LPFL	Flores Acores	Portugal	78.8	81.1    93.2   104.0 (2006)  (1979)  (1980)	-2.3	45	LPFL
LKMT	Ostrava / Mosnov	Czech Republic	86.0	88.3    98.1    98.6 (1995)  (1994)  (2013)	-2.3	61	LKMT
LFMC	Le Luc	France	95.0	97.3   108.9   108.9 (2012)  (1982)  (1982)	-2.3	41	LFMC
DAOI	Chlef	Algeria	111.2 ▼	113.5   118.4   118.4 (1984)  (2015)  (2021)	-2.3	56	DAOI
DAOF	Tindouf	Algeria	114.8	117.1   118.9   122.9 (2011)  (2016)  (2004)	-2.3	56	DAOF
TNCB	Flamingo Airport, Bonaire	Netherlands Antilles	89.6	92.1    98.6   102.7 (2005)  (1992)  (2008)	-2.5	49	TNCB
TFFF	Le Lamentin	Martinique	87.8	90.3    98.6   102.2 (2010)  (1975)  (1988)	-2.5	56	TFFF
LIPI	Udine / Rivolto	Italy	89.6	92.1   100.8   100.8 (1983)  (1983)  (1983)	-2.5	51	LIPI
LIMK	Torino / Bric Della Croce	Italy	84.2	86.7    93.2    95.0 (2020)  (2022)  (2019)	-2.5	48	LIMK
LFQG	Nevers	France	89.6	92.1   102.9   103.6 (2010)  (2019)  (2021)	-2.5	49	LFQG
LFMN	Nice	France	86.0	88.5   101.8   101.8 (2019)  (1988)  (1988)	-2.5	52	LFMN
LFMD	Cannes	France	87.8	90.3    99.3   100.9 (2007)  (2019)  (2017)	-2.5	42	LFMD
LEJR	Jerez De La Fronteraaeropuerto	Spain	102.2	104.7   116.6   116.6 (2016)  (1995)  (1995)	-2.5	50	LEJR
HTSO	Songea	Tanzania	77.0 ▼	79.5    89.6   100.4 (2019)  (1976)  (1975)	-2.5	59	HTSO
TBPB	Grantley Adams	Barbados	86.0	88.7    89.6   100.4 (1993)  (1978)  (1979)	-2.7	35	TBPB
MWCR	Owen Roberts Airport Grand Cayman	Cayman Islands	89.6	92.3    98.6   102.2 (2004)  (2012)  (1995)	-2.7	57	MWCR
LOWW	Wien / Schwechat-Flughafen	Austria	89.6	92.3   105.8   105.8 (2011)  (2012)  (2012)	-2.7	66	LOWW
LIRV	Viterbo	Italy	93.2	95.9   104.2   104.5 (2012)  (2005)  (2022)	-2.7	51	LIRV
LIPE	Bologna / Borgo Panigale	Italy	93.2	95.9   104.0   106.0 (2017)  (1983)  (1998)	-2.7	55	LIPE
TNCC	Hato Airport, Curacao	Netherlands Antilles	89.6	92.5   102.0   102.2 (1995)  (1992)  (1975)	-2.9	43	TNCC
OIGG	Rasht	Iran	87.8	90.7   107.6   107.6 (2011)  (1980)  (1980)	-2.9	42	OIGG
LIPH	Treviso / S. Angelo	Italy	89.6	92.5   102.2   102.2 (2012)  (1989)  (1989)	-2.9	54	LIPH
.
PAMD	Middleton Island, AK	United States	48.9	46.0    43.0   -52.8 (1952)  (1955)  (1980)	+2.9	69	PAMD
KCSM	Clinton, OK	United States	69.1 ▲	66.2    53.6    -6.0 (2015)  (2005)  (2021)	+2.8	55	KCSM
KCCR	Concord, CA	United States	55.9	53.1    48.9    22.1 (1999)  (1999)  (1990)	+2.8	40	KCCR
CWQS	Kindakun Rocks, B. C.	Canada	49.8	47.5    33.8   -20.2 (2009)  (1988)  (2002)	+2.3	43	CWQS
PHBK	Kekaha, HI	United States	70.0	68.0    57.9    42.8 (1973)  (1974)  (1979)	+2.0	62	PHBK
KSQL	San Carlos Airport, CA	United States	55.4	55.0    51.1    22.1 (1986)  (1986)  (1990)	+0.3	40	KSQL
KPAO	Palo Alto Airport, CA	United States	55.4	55.4    48.9    21.2 (2000)  (1986)  (1990)	0.0	39	KPAO
DNPO	Port Harcourt	Nigeria	71.6	72.1    54.1    48.2 (2021)  (2008)  (2008)	-0.5	38	DNPO
ID	City	Country	Current Temp & Trend (°F)	Unofficial Daily / Monthly / Alltime Record (°F)	Margin of Unofficial Daily Record (°F)	Database Length (years)	ID